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{{Infobox Former Country|native_name =Rzeczpospolita PolskaRepublika Polska]|year_end=1939|date_end=September 1|event_end=Invasion of Poland (1939)||p1=Austria-Hungary|flag_p1= Austria-Hungary flag 1869-1918.svg|p2=German Empire|flag_p2=Flag of the German Empire.svg|p3=Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)|flag_p3= Flag of Poland.svg|p4= Russian Empire|flag_p4= Flag of Russia.svg|s1=Nazi Germany|flag_s1=Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg|s2=Soviet Union|flag_s2=Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|s3=Polish Secret State|flag_s3=Flaga PPP.svg||image_flag =Flag of Poland.svg|flag =Flag of Poland|flag_type =Flag||image_coat =Orzelek19 27.jpg|symbol =Coat of arms of Poland|symbol_type =Coat of arms||image_map=LocationIIPoland.PNG|image_map_caption =||capital =Warsaw|common_languages =[Polish language official
Ukrainian language, Yiddish language, Belarusian language, German language also spoken|religion =|currency =Polish marka (until 1924)
Polish złoty (after 1924)||title_leader=List of Polish heads of state since 1918|leader1=List of Polish heads of state since 1918|title_deputy=Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland|deputy1=Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland||legislature =SejmThe Second Polish Republic is the name applied to the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. The Republic had borders with Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Soviet Union, Latvia and Lithuania.

When the borders of the state were fixed in 1922, it had an area of 388.6 thousand km² (sixth largest in Europe), and 27.2 million inhabitants according to the census of that year. In 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, it had an estimated 35.1 million inhabitants. A third of these were national minorities (17% Ukraine and Belarus, 10% Jews, 5% Germans, and 1% percent Lithuanians, Russians and Czechs).

The Second Republic is often associated with times of great adversity, of troubles and of triumph. Having to deal with the economic difficulties and destruction of World War I, followed by the Soviet invasion during the Polish Soviet War, and then increasingly hostile neighbors such as Nazi Germany, the Republic managed to endure. Lacking an overseas empire, Poland nevertheless maintained a level of economic development and prosperity comparable to that of the West. The cultural hubs of Warsaw, Kraków and Lviv raised themselves to the level of major European cities. They were also the sites of internationally renowned universities and places of higher learning. By 1939 the Republic was becoming a Regional power in politics and economics.

History Timeline (1918-1939)

The beginnings , 1919.Occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary armies in the summer of 1915, the formerly Russian-ruled part of what was considered Poland was proclaimed an independent kingdom by the occupying powers on November 5, 1916, with a governing Council of State and (from October 15, 1917) a Regency Council (Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego) to administer the country under German auspices pending the election of a king.

Shortly before the end of World War I, on October 7, 1918, the Regency Council dissolved the Council of State and announced its intention to restore Polish independence. With the notable exception of the Marxism-oriented Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), most political parties supported this move. On October 23 the Council appointed a new government under Józef Swierzynski and began conscription into the Polish Army.On November 5, in Lublin, the first Soviet of Delegates was created. On November 6 the Communism announced the creation of a Republic of Tarnobrzeg. The same day, a Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland was created under the Socialist, Ignacy Daszynski.

On November 10, Józef Piłsudski, newly freed from imprisonment by the German authorities at Magdeburg, returned to Warsaw. Next day, due to his popularity and support from most political parties, the Regency Council appointed Piłsudski Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. On November 14 the Council dissolved itself and transferred all its authority to Piłsudski as Chief of State (Naczelnik Państwa).

Centers of government that were created in Galicia (Central Europe) (formerly Austrian-ruled southern Poland) included a National Council of the Principality of Cieszyn (created on November 19??) and a Polish Liquidation Committee (created on October 28). Soon afterward, conflict broke out in Lviv (Polish Lwów) between forces of the Military Committee of Ukrainians and the Polish "Eagles" of Lwów.

After consultation with Pilsudski, Daszynski's government dissolved itself and a new government was created under Jedrzej Moraczewski.

World War II The beginning of the Second World War put an end to the Second Polish Republic. The "Invasion of Poland (1939)" campaign began 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and ended 6 October 1939, with Germany and the Soviet Union occupying the entirety of Poland. Poland did not surrender, but continued as Polish Government in Exile and the Polish Secret State.

Politics and government receiving the Marshal bulawa from president of Poland Ignacy Moscicki. November 10, 1936, Warsaw. Chief of State

Presidents

Prime ministers

Economy After regaining her independence Poland was faced with major economic difficulties. Within the borders of the Republic were the remnants of three different economic systems, with three different currencies and with little or no direct infrastructural links. The situation was so bad that neighboring industrial centers lacked direct railroad links because they had been parts of different occupying nations. On top of this was the massive destruction left after both World War I and the Polish Soviet War. There was also a great economic disparity between the eastern and western parts of the country, with the western half being much more developed and prosperous. Frequent border closures and tariff wars (especially with Nazi Germany) also had negative economic impacts on Poland.

Despite these problems Poland managed in the interwar period to achieve a state of economic prosperity on par with Western Europe. In 1924 economic minister Władysław Grabski introduced the złoty as a single common currency for Poland, which remained one of the most stable currencies of Central Europe. The currency helped Poland to bring under control the massive hyperinflation, the only country in Europe which was able to do this without foreign loans or aid.

The basis of Poland's relative prosperity were the economic development plans which oversaw the building of two key infrastructural elements. The first was the establishment of the Gdynia seaport, which allowed Poland to completely bypass Gdańsk (which was under heavy Nazi pressure to boycott Polish coal exports). The second was the creation of a central industrial district, named the 'COP' (Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy). Unfortunately these developments were interrupted and largely destroyed by the German invasion and the start of World War II., Atlas Historii Polski, Demart Sp, 2004, ISBN 83-89239-89-2

Demographics Poland has traditionally been a nation of many nations, with large Jewish and Ukrainian minorities. This was especially true after she regained her independence in the wake of World War I, in 1918. The census of that year allocates 30.8% of the population in the minority.Joseph Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939, Mouton Publishing, 1983, ISBN 90-279-3239-5, Google Books, p. 17 This was further exacerbated with the Polish victory in the Polish Soviet War, and the large territorial gains made by Poland as a consequence. In 1931 the census showed that 66% of the population was Polish, 15% were Ukrainians, 9% Jews, 5% Belarusians, and 2,5% Germans., Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921

Poland was also a nation of many religions. In 1921 16,057,229 Poles (approx. 62.5%) were Roman Catholic, 3,031,057 Poles(approx. 11.8%) were Eastern Catholics, 2,815,817 (approx. 10.95%) were Greek Orthodox, 2,771,949 (approx. 10.8%) were Jewish, and 940,232 (approx. 3.7%) were Protestants., Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921 By 1931 Poland had the second largest Jewish population in the world, with one-fifth of all the world's Jews residing within Poland's borders (approx. 3,136,000). Norman Davies gives the results of Polish 1931 national census as followsNorman Davies, God's Playground, Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-12819-3, Google Print, p.299

Population {| class="wikitable"Ludność|-! Census date ] || Percentage of
rural population ]
(per km²)] 1921 ] 1931 ] 1938 || align="center" | 34,849,000 || align="center" | 70%|| align="center" | 89,7|}

Largest cities in early 1939:
  • Warszawa – 1,289,000
  • Łódź – 672,000
  • Lwów – 318,000
  • Poznań – 272,000
  • Kraków – 259,000
  • Wilno – 209,000
  • Bydgoszcz – 141,000
  • Częstochowa – 138,000
  • Katowice – 134,000
  • Sosnowiec – 130,000
  • Lublin – 122,000
  • Gdynia – 120,000
  • Chorzow – 110,000
  • Białystok – 107,000


    • Administrative division and geography The administrative division of the Second Republic was based on the three tier system. On the lowest rung were the gminy, which were little more than local town and village governments. These were then grouped together into powiaty which were then arranged into wojewodstwa.. Polish-Czechoslovak border (before II World War){], 1937)]
    (since 1937)! Voivodeship
    Separate city! Capital! Area
    in 1000 km² (1930)! Population
    in 1000 (1931)|-| 00-19| align="left"| City of Warsaw| align="left"| [Warsaw| align="left"| [Białystok| align="left"| [Kielce| align="left"| [Kraków| align="left"| [Lublin| align="left"| [Lwów| align="left"| [Łódź| align="left"| [Nowogródek| align="left"| [Brest-Litovsk| 36,7| 1132,2|-| 60-64| align="left"| Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919-1939)| align="left"| Toruń| align="left"| [Poznań| align="left"| [Stanisławów| align="left"| [Katowice| align="left"| [Tarnopol| align="left"| [Wilno| align="left"| [Lutsk| 35,7| 2085,6|-|}


    On April 1, 1938, borders of several western Voivodeships changed considerably. For more information, see Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938.

    References

    {{Infobox Former Country|native_name =Rzeczpospolita PolskaRepublika Polska]|year_end=1939|date_end=September 1|event_end=Invasion of Poland (1939)||p1=Austria-Hungary|flag_p1= Austria-Hungary flag 1869-1918.svg|p2=German Empire|flag_p2=Flag of the German Empire.svg|p3=Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)|flag_p3= Flag of Poland.svg|p4= Russian Empire|flag_p4= Flag of Russia.svg|s1=Nazi Germany|flag_s1=Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg|s2=Soviet Union|flag_s2=Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|s3=Polish Secret State|flag_s3=Flaga PPP.svg||image_flag =Flag of Poland.svg|flag =Flag of Poland|flag_type =Flag||image_coat =Orzelek19 27.jpg|symbol =Coat of arms of Poland|symbol_type =Coat of arms||image_map=LocationIIPoland.PNG|image_map_caption =||capital =Warsaw|common_languages =[Polish language official
    Ukrainian language, Yiddish language, Belarusian language, German language also spoken|religion =|currency =Polish marka (until 1924)
    Polish złoty (after 1924)||title_leader=List of Polish heads of state since 1918|leader1=List of Polish heads of state since 1918|title_deputy=Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland|deputy1=Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland||legislature =SejmThe Second Polish Republic is the name applied to the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. The Republic had borders with Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Soviet Union, Latvia and Lithuania.

    When the borders of the state were fixed in 1922, it had an area of 388.6 thousand km² (sixth largest in Europe), and 27.2 million inhabitants according to the census of that year. In 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, it had an estimated 35.1 million inhabitants. A third of these were national minorities (17% Ukraine and Belarus, 10% Jews, 5% Germans, and 1% percent Lithuanians, Russians and Czechs).

    The Second Republic is often associated with times of great adversity, of troubles and of triumph. Having to deal with the economic difficulties and destruction of World War I, followed by the Soviet invasion during the Polish Soviet War, and then increasingly hostile neighbors such as Nazi Germany, the Republic managed to endure. Lacking an overseas empire, Poland nevertheless maintained a level of economic development and prosperity comparable to that of the West. The cultural hubs of Warsaw, Kraków and Lviv raised themselves to the level of major European cities. They were also the sites of internationally renowned universities and places of higher learning. By 1939 the Republic was becoming a Regional power in politics and economics.

    History Timeline (1918-1939)

    The beginnings , 1919.Occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary armies in the summer of 1915, the formerly Russian-ruled part of what was considered Poland was proclaimed an independent kingdom by the occupying powers on November 5, 1916, with a governing Council of State and (from October 15, 1917) a Regency Council (Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego) to administer the country under German auspices pending the election of a king.

    Shortly before the end of World War I, on October 7, 1918, the Regency Council dissolved the Council of State and announced its intention to restore Polish independence. With the notable exception of the Marxism-oriented Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), most political parties supported this move. On October 23 the Council appointed a new government under Józef Swierzynski and began conscription into the Polish Army.On November 5, in Lublin, the first Soviet of Delegates was created. On November 6 the Communism announced the creation of a Republic of Tarnobrzeg. The same day, a Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland was created under the Socialist, Ignacy Daszynski.

    On November 10, Józef Piłsudski, newly freed from imprisonment by the German authorities at Magdeburg, returned to Warsaw. Next day, due to his popularity and support from most political parties, the Regency Council appointed Piłsudski Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. On November 14 the Council dissolved itself and transferred all its authority to Piłsudski as Chief of State (Naczelnik Państwa).

    Centers of government that were created in Galicia (Central Europe) (formerly Austrian-ruled southern Poland) included a National Council of the Principality of Cieszyn (created on November 19??) and a Polish Liquidation Committee (created on October 28). Soon afterward, conflict broke out in Lviv (Polish Lwów) between forces of the Military Committee of Ukrainians and the Polish "Eagles" of Lwów.

    After consultation with Pilsudski, Daszynski's government dissolved itself and a new government was created under Jedrzej Moraczewski.

    World War II The beginning of the Second World War put an end to the Second Polish Republic. The "Invasion of Poland (1939)" campaign began 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and ended 6 October 1939, with Germany and the Soviet Union occupying the entirety of Poland. Poland did not surrender, but continued as Polish Government in Exile and the Polish Secret State.

    Politics and government receiving the Marshal bulawa from president of Poland Ignacy Moscicki. November 10, 1936, Warsaw. Chief of State

    Presidents

    Prime ministers

    Economy After regaining her independence Poland was faced with major economic difficulties. Within the borders of the Republic were the remnants of three different economic systems, with three different currencies and with little or no direct infrastructural links. The situation was so bad that neighboring industrial centers lacked direct railroad links because they had been parts of different occupying nations. On top of this was the massive destruction left after both World War I and the Polish Soviet War. There was also a great economic disparity between the eastern and western parts of the country, with the western half being much more developed and prosperous. Frequent border closures and tariff wars (especially with Nazi Germany) also had negative economic impacts on Poland.

    Despite these problems Poland managed in the interwar period to achieve a state of economic prosperity on par with Western Europe. In 1924 economic minister Władysław Grabski introduced the złoty as a single common currency for Poland, which remained one of the most stable currencies of Central Europe. The currency helped Poland to bring under control the massive hyperinflation, the only country in Europe which was able to do this without foreign loans or aid.

    The basis of Poland's relative prosperity were the economic development plans which oversaw the building of two key infrastructural elements. The first was the establishment of the Gdynia seaport, which allowed Poland to completely bypass Gdańsk (which was under heavy Nazi pressure to boycott Polish coal exports). The second was the creation of a central industrial district, named the 'COP' (Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy). Unfortunately these developments were interrupted and largely destroyed by the German invasion and the start of World War II., Atlas Historii Polski, Demart Sp, 2004, ISBN 83-89239-89-2

    Demographics Poland has traditionally been a nation of many nations, with large Jewish and Ukrainian minorities. This was especially true after she regained her independence in the wake of World War I, in 1918. The census of that year allocates 30.8% of the population in the minority.Joseph Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939, Mouton Publishing, 1983, ISBN 90-279-3239-5, Google Books, p. 17 This was further exacerbated with the Polish victory in the Polish Soviet War, and the large territorial gains made by Poland as a consequence. In 1931 the census showed that 66% of the population was Polish, 15% were Ukrainians, 9% Jews, 5% Belarusians, and 2,5% Germans., Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921

    Poland was also a nation of many religions. In 1921 16,057,229 Poles (approx. 62.5%) were Roman Catholic, 3,031,057 Poles(approx. 11.8%) were Eastern Catholics, 2,815,817 (approx. 10.95%) were Greek Orthodox, 2,771,949 (approx. 10.8%) were Jewish, and 940,232 (approx. 3.7%) were Protestants., Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921 By 1931 Poland had the second largest Jewish population in the world, with one-fifth of all the world's Jews residing within Poland's borders (approx. 3,136,000). Norman Davies gives the results of Polish 1931 national census as followsNorman Davies, God's Playground, Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-12819-3, Google Print, p.299

    Population {| class="wikitable"Ludność|-! Census date ] || Percentage of
    rural population ]
    (per km²)] 1921 ] 1931 ] 1938 || align="center" | 34,849,000 || align="center" | 70%|| align="center" | 89,7|}

    Largest cities in early 1939:
  • Warszawa – 1,289,000
  • Łódź – 672,000
  • Lwów – 318,000
  • Poznań – 272,000
  • Kraków – 259,000
  • Wilno – 209,000
  • Bydgoszcz – 141,000
  • Częstochowa – 138,000
  • Katowice – 134,000
  • Sosnowiec – 130,000
  • Lublin – 122,000
  • Gdynia – 120,000
  • Chorzow – 110,000
  • Białystok – 107,000


    • Administrative division and geography The administrative division of the Second Republic was based on the three tier system. On the lowest rung were the gminy, which were little more than local town and village governments. These were then grouped together into powiaty which were then arranged into wojewodstwa.. Polish-Czechoslovak border (before II World War){], 1937)]
    (since 1937)! Voivodeship
    Separate city! Capital! Area
    in 1000 km² (1930)! Population
    in 1000 (1931)|-| 00-19| align="left"| City of Warsaw| align="left"| [Warsaw| align="left"| [Białystok| align="left"| [Kielce| align="left"| [Kraków| align="left"| [Lublin| align="left"| [Lwów| align="left"| [Łódź| align="left"| [Nowogródek| align="left"| [Brest-Litovsk| 36,7| 1132,2|-| 60-64| align="left"| Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919-1939)| align="left"| Toruń| align="left"| [Poznań| align="left"| [Stanisławów| align="left"| [Katowice| align="left"| [Tarnopol| align="left"| [Wilno| align="left"| [Lutsk| 35,7| 2085,6|-|}


    On April 1, 1938, borders of several western Voivodeships changed considerably. For more information, see Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938.

    References



    Second Polish Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    The Second Polish Republic is the name applied to the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. When the borders of the state were fixed in 1922 after several wars ...

    Reference for Second Polish Republic - Search.com
    Second Polish Republic ... Wikipedia. Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Are you an expert in this subject?

    Category:Second Polish Republic - Wikimedia Commons
    Media in category "Second Polish Republic" The following 125 files are in this category, out of 125 total.

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    Media in category "Maps of the Second Polish Republic" The following 38 files are in this category, out of 38 total.

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    Eastern Borderlands of the II Polish Republic, its people and culture.

    INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Second Polish Republic)
    Table of Contents. 1 History; 2 Politics and government; 3 Economy; 4 Demographics; 5 Culture; 6 Geography and demographics; 7 See also; 8 References

    Intute: Arts and Humanities - Full record details for Eastern ...
    Full record display for record humbul10460 ... Title: Eastern borderlands of the second Polish republic: Description: The Web Site "Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish ...

    Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Second Polish Republic
    Reference.com free online encyclopedia article for Second Polish Republic, powered by Wikipedia ... Second Polish Republic Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Cite This Source

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    The total population of the prewar Polish Second Republic was about 35 million persons.

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    Visit to Poland – Second Franco-Polish summit – Statements by M. Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the Republic, during his joint press conference with Mr Donald Tusk, Prime ...

     

    Second Polish Republic



     
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